{"id":1084,"date":"2012-07-01T17:15:54","date_gmt":"2012-07-01T09:15:54","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/gwokae.mewggle.com\/wordpress\/?p=1084"},"modified":"2012-07-01T17:15:54","modified_gmt":"2012-07-01T09:15:54","slug":"%e7%bf%bb%e8%ad%af-%e5%ae%89%e5%85%a8%e7%9a%84%e5%84%b2%e5%ad%98%e5%af%86%e7%a2%bc-storing-passwords-securely","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gwokae.mewggle.com\/wordpress\/2012\/07\/%e7%bf%bb%e8%ad%af-%e5%ae%89%e5%85%a8%e7%9a%84%e5%84%b2%e5%ad%98%e5%af%86%e7%a2%bc-storing-passwords-securely\/","title":{"rendered":"[\u7ffb\u8b6f] \u5b89\u5168\u7684\u5132\u5b58\u5bc6\u78bc (Storing Passwords Securely)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u5176\u5be6\u6211\u7684\u5c0d\u65bc\u7cfb\u7d71\u5132\u5b58\u5bc6\u78bc\u9019\u4ef6\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u539f\u672c\u662f\u4ee5\u70ba\u7528MD5\u3001SHA\u4e4b\u985e\u7684\u55ae\u5411\u96dc\u6e4a\u51fd\u5f0f\u4f86\u5132\u5b58\u5c31\u300c\u5920\u5b89\u5168\u4e86\u300d\u3002\u524d\u5e7e\u5929\u770b\u5230\u4e86<a title=\"Storing Passwords Securely\" href=\"http:\/\/throwingfire.com\/storing-passwords-securely\" target=\"_blank\">Storing Passwords Securely<\/a>\u9019\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u624d\u5fb9\u5e95\u7684\u628a\u6211\u5f9e\u8ff7\u601d\u4e2d\u62c9\u51fa\u4f86\uff0c\u6587\u7ae0\u9084\u883b\u6dfa\u986f\u6613\u61c2\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5c31\u8a66\u8457\u7ffb\u8b6f\u4e00\u4e0b\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u4f86\u662f\u514d\u8cac\u8072\u660e\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u6211\u7565\u61c2\u4e00\u4e9b\u8cc7\u8a0a\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u76ae\u6bdb\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4e0d\u662f\u8cc7\u8a0a\u5b89\u5168\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5c08\u5bb6\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u6211\u7684\u82f1\u6587\u80fd\u529b\u4e0d\u4f73\u6240\u4ee5\u7ffb\u8b6f\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u932f\u8aa4\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4e0d\u7cbe\u78ba\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u5e0c\u671b\u80fd\u6d77\u6db5\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u50c5\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u9593\u7684\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u524d\u9762\u8207\u6700\u5f8c\u9762Additional Measures\u3001Extra\u6211\u6c92\u6709\u7ffb\u8b6f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6709\u8208\u8da3\u53ef\u4ee5\u53bb\u770b\u770b<a title=\"Storing Passwords Securely\" href=\"http:\/\/throwingfire.com\/storing-passwords-securely\/\" target=\"_blank\">\u539f\u6587<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<h2>\u5bc6\u78bc\u7684\u5132\u5b58<\/h2>\n<p>\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u8a2d\u8a08\u8005\u6703\u5f9e\u4e0b\u5217\u5169\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e2d\u64c7\u4e00\u4f86\u5132\u5b58\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u7684\u5bc6\u78bc:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5132\u5b58\u5bc6\u78bc\u539f\u672c\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5132\u5b58\u660e\u6587(plain text)<\/li>\n<li>\u5229\u7528\u55ae\u5411\u96dc\u6e4a\u51fd\u5f0f(one-way hash function)\u4f86\u7522\u751fdigest (\u8a3b\uff1a\u6709\u4eba\u7ffb\u8b6f\u70ba\u6458\u8981)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u986f\u800c\u6613\u898b\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u7a2e\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u500b\u5f88\u7cdf\u7cd5\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u5132\u5b58\u5728\u8cc7\u6599\u5eab\u7684\u5bc6\u78bc\u53ef\u80fd\u4e5f\u4f7f\u7528\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u7db2\u7ad9\u3002\u4f46\u8b93\u4f60\u66f4\u70ba\u9a5a\u8a1d\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4f5c\u70ba\u5927\u591a\u6578\u7db2\u8def\u7cfb\u7d71\u4e2d\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u5f8c\u8005\uff0c\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u66f4\u5f37\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u55ce\uff1f<\/p>\n<h2>\u55ae\u5411\u96dc\u6e4a\u51fd\u5f0f(one-way hash function)<\/h2>\n<p>\u5132\u5b58\u7d93\u904e\u55ae\u5411\u96dc\u6e4a\u51fd\u5f0f\u8655\u7406\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u5bc6\u78bc\u9019\u662f\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u4f5c\u6cd5(\u55ce?)\u3002\u55ae\u5411\u96dc\u6e4a\u51fd\u5f0f\u662f\u6307\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u6578\u5b78\u904b\u7b97\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c07\u8f38\u5165\u8f49\u63db\u6210\u4e00\u7a2e&#8221;\u6307\u7d0b&#8221;(fingerprint)\u7a31\u70badigest\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5229\u7528\u77e5\u540d\u7684\u52a0\u5bc6\u96dc\u6e4a\u51fd\u5f0fSHA-256\u4f86\u904b\u7b97 hunter2\uff0c\u6703\u5f97\u5230\uff1a<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>f52fbd32b2b3b86ff88ef6c490628285f482af15ddcb29541f94bcf526a3f6c7<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\u55ae\u5411\u96dc\u6e4a\u51fd\u5f0f\u7684\u540d\u7a31\u5c31\u6697\u793a\u4e86\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u51fd\u5f0f\u662f\u55ae\u5411(one-way)\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u4e00\u500b\u8f38\u5165\u7522\u751f\u51fa\u4e00\u500bdigest\uff0c\u4f46\u4f60\u7121\u6cd5\u5229\u7528digest\u6062\u5fa9\u6210\u4ed6\u539f\u672c\u7684\u6a23\u5b50\u3002\u7576\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u500b\u5e33\u865f\uff0c\u7cfb\u7d71\u5132\u5b58\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u7684\u5e33\u6236\u8cc7\u8a0a\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u76f4\u63a5\u628a\u5bc6\u78bc\u5132\u5b58\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5132\u5b58\u900f\u904e\u9019\u4e9b\u55ae\u5411\u96dc\u6e4a\u51fd\u5f0f\u7522\u751f\u7684digest\u3002\u7576\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u518d\u5ea6\u767b\u5165\u7cfb\u7d71\uff0c\u7cfb\u7d71\u518d\u5c07\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u5bc6\u78bc\u7d93\u904e\u55ae\u5411\u96dc\u6e4a\u51fd\u5f0f\u7684\u904b\u7b97\u51fa\u7684digest\u8207\u73fe\u5b58\u7684digest\u6bd4\u5c0d\u3002\u7cfb\u7d71\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u80fd\u5920\u6bd4\u5c0d\u55ae\u5411\u96dc\u6e4a\u51fd\u5f0f\u7684\u8f38\u51fa\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5132\u5b58\u4efb\u4f55\u6709\u95dc\u5bc6\u78bc\u7684\u8cc7\u8a0a\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u8a18\u4f4f\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u7684\u5bc6\u78bc\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u500b\u597d\u7684\u5bc6\u78bc\u5b78\u96dc\u6e4a\u51fd\u5f0f(cryptographic hash function)\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u5011\u6240\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u55ae\u5411\u96dc\u6e4a\u51fd\u5f0f\uff0c\u6703\u56e0\u70ba\u8f38\u5165\u7684\u4e9b\u8a31\u4e0d\u540c\u800c\u80fd\u7522\u751f\u51fa\u5dee\u7570\u5316\u975e\u5e38\u5927\u7684digest (\u9019\u7a31\u70baavalanche effect)\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u5229\u7528SHA-256\u7522\u751f\u51fahunter3\u7684digest\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u4ed6\u7684\u539f\u6587\u975e\u5e38\u76f8\u8fd1\u4f46\u662f\u7522\u751f\u51fa\u7684digest\u537b\u975e\u5e38\u4e0d\u540c:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>fb8c2e2b85ca81eb4350199faddd983cb26af3064614e737ea9f479621cfa57a<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\u9019\u500b\u7279\u6027\u8b93\u4eba\u96e3\u4ee5\u5229\u7528digest\u63a8\u65b7\u51fa\u539f\u59cb\u7684\u8f38\u5165\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u6bcf\u6b21\u731c\u6e2c\u53ea\u8981\u6539\u8b8a\u4e00\u500b\u5b57\u5143\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u9019\u6703\u8b93\u731c\u6e2c\u6216\u7834\u89e3\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u7684\u5bc6\u78bc\u66f4\u56f0\u96e3\u55ce\uff1f<\/p>\n<h2>\u5bc6\u78bc\u5b78\u96dc\u6e4a\u51fd\u6578(Cryptographic Hash Functions)\u4e0d\u662f\u5bc6\u78bc\u96dc\u6e4a\u51fd\u6578(Password Hash Functions)<\/h2>\n<p>\u5728Python\u4e2d\u5229\u7528\u6a19\u6e96\u7684\u51fd\u5f0f\u5eab\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u9019\u6a23\u5beb\u4f86\u53d6\u5f97\u8207\u6bd4\u8f03\u5bc6\u78bc\u7684SHA-256 digest\u3002<\/p>\n<pre class=\"brush: python; gutter: true\">import hashlib\n\ndef getDigest(password):\n    return hashlib.sha256(password).hexdigest()\n\ndef isPassword(password, digest):\n    return getDigest(password) == digest<\/pre>\n<p>\u9019\u662f\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u5bc6\u78bc\u9a57\u8b49\u6a5f\u5236(authentication mechanism)\uff0c\u5bc6\u78bc\u7121\u6cd5\u5229\u7528digest\u63a8\u8a0e\u51fa\u4f86\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u53d6\u5f97digest\u5c31\u7121\u6cd5\u505a\u4efb\u4f55\u66f4\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u52d5\u4f5c\u55ce\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u55ae\u7d14\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u96dc\u6e4a\u51fd\u5f0f\u4f86\u8655\u7406\u5bc6\u78bc\u6709\u5169\u500b\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u53ef\u8b58\u5225\u6027 (Recognizability)<br \/>\n\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u8a0a\u606f\u6703\u7522\u751f\u51fa\u76f8\u540c\u7684digest\u662f\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u7f3a\u9ede\u55ce\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u653b\u64ca\u8005\u70ba\u8a31\u591a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u5bc6\u78bc\u9810\u5148\u904b\u7b97\u4e86\u591a\u7684digest\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u653b\u64ca\u8005\u80fd\u5920\u5b58\u53d6\u8cc7\u6599\u5eab\u4ed6\u53ef\u4ee5\u6bd4\u5c0d\u6240\u6709\u7684digest\u4f86\u53d6\u5f97\u539f\u672c\u7684\u5bc6\u78bc\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u653b\u64ca\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u540c\u4e00\u500b\u9810\u5148\u7522\u7684digest\u6e05\u55ae\u4f86\u6bd4\u5c0d\u4ed6\u5011\u6240\u5165\u4fb5\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u8cc7\u6599\u5eab\u3002(\u9019\u7a2edigest\u6e05\u55ae\u901a\u5e38\u7a31\u70baraindow table)<br \/>\n\u66f4\u7cdf\u7684\u662f\u5982\u679c\u653b\u64ca\u8005\u8981\u731c\u6e2c\u6216\u653b\u64ca\u4e00\u500b\u5bc6\u78bc\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u641c\u5c0b\u4f60\u7684\u8cc7\u6599\u5eab\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684digest\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5c31\u6703\u77e5\u9053\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u7528\u4e86\u548c\u4ed6\u5011\u731c\u6e2c\u4e2d\u4e00\u6a23\u7684\u5bc6\u78bc\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u901f\u5ea6 (Speed)<br \/>\n\u96dc\u6e4a\u51fd\u5f0f(Hash function)\u5728\u5bc6\u78bc\u5b78(cryptography)\u4e2d\u7d93\u5e38\u88ab\u5229\u7528\u3002\u6700\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u904b\u7528\u662f\u9a57\u8b49\u8a0a\u606f(verifying message)\u662f\u5426\u6b63\u78ba\uff0c\u8a0a\u606f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4e00\u6bb5\u52a0\u5bc6\u904e\u7684\u8cc7\u6599\u8cc7\u6599\u4e32\u6d41\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u96dc\u6e4a\u51fd\u5f0f\u4e0d\u662f\u88ab\u8a2d\u8a08\u4f86\u5132\u5b58\u5bc6\u78bc\u6216\u8005\u4efb\u4f55\u79d8\u5bc6\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u96dc\u6e4a\u51fd\u5f0f\u88ab\u8a2d\u8a08\u6210\u80fd\u5920\u975e\u5e38\u5feb\u901f\uff0c\u8b93\u6574\u500b\u52a0\u5bc6\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e0d\u81f3\u65bc\u88ab\u62d6\u6162\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u554f\u984c\u6240\u5728\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u7576\u5132\u5b58\u5bc6\u78bc\u7684\u6642\u5019\u653b\u64ca\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u975e\u5e38\u5feb\u901f\u7684\u7528\u4efb\u610f\u7684\u5b57\u4e32\u4f86\u9032\u884c\u96dc\u6e4a\u4e26\u6bd4\u8f03\u8f38\u51fa\u7d50\u679c(\u8b6f\u8a3b\uff1a\u8f38\u51fa\u5373digest)\u3002\u50cf\u662fMD5\u6f14\u7b97\u6cd5\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u7528\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u96fb\u8166\u6bcf\u79d2\u9418\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u7522\u751f\u51fa56\u5104\u7d44\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u5bc6\u78bc\u8207digest\u3002\u5c31\u7b97\u5bc6\u78bc\u7121\u6cd5\u76f4\u63a5\u5229\u7528digest\u53cd\u63a8\u56de\u4f86\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5bc6\u78bc\u4e0d\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u9577\u6216\u662f\u8907\u96dc\u90a3\u9ebc\u88ab\u731c\u4e2d\u7684\u5c31\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\uff0c\u800c\u8a31\u591a\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u9078\u64c7\u7684\u5bc6\u78bc\u65e2\u4e0d\u9577\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8907\u96dc\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5c31\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u731c\u4e2d\u3002\u6700\u5f8c\u96dc\u6e4a\u51fd\u5f0f\u7684\u9ad8\u904b\u7b97\u901f\u5ea6\u53cd\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u512a\u9ede\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u8209\u4f8b\u4f86\u8aaa\u5728\u7db2\u8def\u4e0a\u5c0d\u5bc6\u78bc\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u901a\u5e38\u4e0d\u662f\u5c0d\u6642\u9593\u654f\u611f(time sensitive)\u7684\uff0c\u50cf\u662f\u67d0\u500b\u4eba\u8981\u767b\u5165\u4f60\u7684\u7db2\u7ad9\u8f38\u5165\u5e33\u865f\u5bc6\u78bc\u53ea\u8981\u82b1\u4ed620\u79d2\u9418\u3002\u7cfb\u7d71\u82b11\u79d2\u9418\u6216\u662f\u5e7e\u6beb\u79d2\u5462\u4f86\u7522\u751f\u5bc6\u78bc\u7684digest\u4f86\u78ba\u8a8d\u5bc6\u78bc\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u5c0d\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u4f86\u8aaa\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u6a23\u7684\u3002(\u8b6f\u8a3b\uff1a\u6240\u4ee5\u7522\u751f\u5bc6\u78bc\u7684digest\u6642\u901f\u5ea6\u4e26\u4e0d\u6703\u5f71\u97ff\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c)<\/p>\n<p>\u5e78\u597d\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u6709\u5e7e\u500b\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f86\u89e3\u6c7a\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u5169\u500b\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Salting(\u8b6f\u8a3b\uff1aSalting\u662f\u52a0\u9e7d\u7684\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u70ba\u4e86\u907f\u514d\u8aa4\u5c0e\u9019\u500b\u8a5e\u5c31\u5148\u4e0d\u7ffb\u8b6f\u4e86)<br \/>\nSalt\u662f\u6307\u5728\u96dc\u6e4a\u51fd\u6578\u4e2d\u6216\u662f\u5bc6\u78bc\u4e0a\u52a0\u5165\u4e00\u4e32\u96a8\u6a5f\u7684\u4f4d\u5143(a random sequence of bytes)\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u7522\u751f\u4e00\u7d44digest\u50cf\u662f\u4f86\u7576salt\uff0c\u5bc6\u78bc\u5c31\u6703\u50cf\u662f\uff1a6zvz3ylalpkp03lua8r4yyzdoq7e2js2 + sw0rdf1sh\uff0c\u4e0d\u50c5\u53ea\u6709sw0rdf1sh\u3002(\u8b6f\u8a3b\uff1a\u524d\u9762\u4e00\u4e32\u662f\u96a8\u610f\u7522\u751f\u7684digest\uff0c\u7576\u6210salt\uff0c\u5f8c\u9762\u7684sw0rdf1sh\u662f\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u7684\u5bc6\u78bc) \u800c\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u77e5\u9053sw0rdf1sh\u7684digest\u4e5f\u7121\u6cd5\u7b26\u5408salted\u5f8c\u7684digest\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6bcf\u500b\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u90fd\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684salt\uff0c\u5c31\u6c92\u6709\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f86\u8fa8\u8b58\u51fa\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u662f\u5426\u4f7f\u7528\u76f8\u540c\u7684digest\u3002\u9019\u500b\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u89e3\u6c7a\u4e86\u53ef\u8b58\u5225\u6027 (Recognizability)\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">\u6bcf\u500b\u5bc6\u78bc\u90fd\u8981\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684salt\uff0c\u800c\u4e14salt\u7684\u9577\u5ea6\u81f3\u5c11\u8981\u670932\u4f4d\u5143\u4ee5\u4e0a\u4f86\u589e\u52a0\u731c\u6e2c\u6b63\u78basalt\u8207digest\u7684\u96e3\u5ea6\u3002\u5be6\u4f5c\u5bc6\u78bcSalting\u53ef\u4ee5\u50cf\u9019\u6a23\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre class=\"brush: python; gutter: true\">import base64\nimport hashlib\nimport os\n\ndef getDigest(password, salt=None):\n    if not salt:\n        salt = base64.b64encode(os.urandom(32))\n    digest = hashlib.sha256(salt + password).hexdigest()\n    return salt, digest\n\ndef isPassword(password, salt, digest):\n    return getDigest(password, salt)[1] == digest<\/pre>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">\u7136\u5f8c\u6211\u5011\u5728\u8cc7\u6599\u5eab\u5132\u5b58\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u7684salt\u8207digest\u3002\u9a57\u8b49\u5bc6\u78bc\u7684\u6642\u5019\u57f7\u884cisPassword(providedPassword, storedSalt, storedDigest)\u9019\u6a23\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u6aa2\u67e5\u5bc6\u78bc\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u3002<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Stretching (\u5ef6\u5c55)<br \/>\n\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5229\u7528\u96dc\u6e4a\u51fd\u5f0f\u7522\u751f\u5bc6\u78bc(password)\u7684digest\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u53c8\u5229\u7528digest\u7522\u751fdigest\uff0c\u518d\u7528\u4e0a\u4e00\u500bdigest\u7522\u751fdigest\uff0c\u6700\u5f8c\u518d\u7528\u4e0a\u4e00\u500bdigest\u7522\u751fdigest\u3002\u50cf\u662f\u9019\u6a23\u9032\u884c\u56db\u6b21\u96dc\u6e4a\u51fd\u5f0f\u8fed\u4ee3(iterations)\uff0c\u4f60\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u7684digest\u8207\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u6b21\u7684digest\u5c31\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u6b21\u7684digest\u662f\u7b2c\u4e09\u6b21\u7684digest\u904b\u7b97\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u800c\u7b2c\u4e09\u6b21digest\u53c8\u662f\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21digest\u7684\u904b\u7b97\u7d50\u679c\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u8981\u5c0d\u5bc6\u78bc\u9032\u884c\u6bd4\u5c0d\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u57f7\u884c\u76f8\u540c\u6b21\u6578\u7684\u96dc\u6e4a\u51fd\u5f0f\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u6bd4\u5c0d\u7b2c\u56db\u6b21\u904b\u7b97\u51fa\u7684digest\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u884c\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u7a31\u70baStretching\u3002<br \/>\n\u4e00\u500b\u826f\u597d\u7684\u5bc6\u78bc\u5132\u5b58\u7cfb\u7d71\u6703\u70ba\u4e86\u55ae\u4e00\u8f38\u5165\u82b1\u4e00\u9ede\u6642\u9593(\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u5728\u4e00\u500b\u73fe\u4ee3\u7684\u6a5f\u5668\u4e0a\u76840.2\u79d2)\u3002\u9019\u6a23\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88\u660e\u986f\u7684\u52a0\u9577\u5229\u7528\u66b4\u529b\u6cd5(brute force)\u4f86\u731c\u6e2c\u5bc6\u78bc\u6240\u9700\u7684\u6642\u9593\u3002(\u5982\u679c\u5229\u7528SHA-256\u5927\u6982\u9700\u8981\u5341\u842c\u6b21\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u5faa\u74b0\u624d\u5920)\u5148\u524d\u63d0\u5230\u6bcf\u79d2\u53ef\u4ee5\u9032\u884c56\u5104\u6b21\u7684digest\u6bd4\u5c0d\uff0c\u800c\u7d93\u904eStretching\u5f8c\u5728\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u6a5f\u5668\u4e0a\u4e5f\u8a31\u53ea\u80fd\u9032\u884c5\u6b21\u7684\u6bd4\u5c0d\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4e5f\u8a31\u6709\u6210\u767e\u4e0a\u5343\u7684\u653b\u64ca\u8005\u5229\u7528\u786c\u9ad4\u50cf\u662fGPUs\u4f86\u9032\u884c\u904b\u7b97\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u53ef\u4ee5\u986f\u8457\u7684\u4f4e\u65bc56\u5104\u6b21\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">\u56e0\u70ba\u73fe\u5728\u96fb\u8166\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u5f37\u5927\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u53ef\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u589e\u52a0\u8fed\u4ee3\u5faa\u74b0\u7684\u6b21\u6578\u4f86\u904b\u7b97\u7684\u6642\u9593\u589e\u52a0\u52300.2\u79d2\u6216\u66f4\u591a\uff0c\u4e5f\u8a31\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u9019\u6a23\u5beb\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre class=\"brush: python; gutter: true\">import hashlib\nimport os\n\ndef getDigest(password):\n    digest = hashlib.sha256(password).hexdigest()\n    for x in range(0, 100001):\n        digest = hashlib.sha256(digest).hexdigest()\n    return digest<\/pre>\n<p>(\u9644\u8a3b\uff1a\u9019\u53ef\u80fd\u904e\u65bc\u7c21\u5316\uff0c\u8fed\u4ee3\u7684\u96dc\u6e4a\u51fd\u5f0f\u660e\u986f\u7684\u512a\u65bc\u53ea\u904b\u884c\u4e00\u6b21\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u56e0\u6b64\u640d\u5931\u4e86\u71b5(entropy\uff0c\u8b6f\u8a3b\uff1a\u5728\u8cc7\u8a0a\u79d1\u5b78\u4e2d\u71b5\u662f\u6307\u8cc7\u8a0a\u91cf)<\/p>\n<p>\u7d50\u5408Salting\u8207Stretching\u5be6\u4f5c\u4e0a\u6703\u50cf\u662f\u9019\u6a23\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre class=\"brush: python; gutter: true\">import base64\nimport hashlib\nimport os\n\ndef getDigest(password, salt=None):\n    if not salt:\n        salt = base64.b64encode(os.urandom(32))\n    digest = hashlib.sha256(salt + password).hexdigest()\n    for x in range(0, 100001):\n        digest = hashlib.sha256(digest).hexdigest()\n    return salt, digest\n\ndef isPassword(password, salt, digest):\n    return getDigest(password, salt)[1] == digest<\/pre>\n<p>\u73fe\u5728\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u5be6\u4f5c\u4e00\u500b\u4f7f\u7528salting\u8207\u591a\u6b21\u8fed\u4ee3\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u7cfb\u7d71\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u5b83\u770b\u8d77\u4f86\u50cf\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b89\u5168\u5132\u5b58\u5bc6\u78bc\u7684\u7cfb\u7d71\u3002\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u4e00\u500b\u5ee3\u6cdb\u88ab\u4f7f\u7528\u3001\u6a19\u6e96\u5316\u7684\u7cfb\u7d71\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u4e0d\u61c9\u8a72\u627f\u64d4\u81ea\u5df1\u5be6\u4f5c\u4e26\u7522\u751f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u98a8\u96aa\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u81ea\u5df1\u5be6\u4f5c\u5bc6\u78bc\u5b78\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u51fd\u5f0f\u662f\u6700\u6709\u98a8\u96aa\u7684\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u6709\u90a3\u4e9b\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u6f0f\u6d1e(vulnerabilities)\uff0c\u4f60\u5c31\u7121\u6cd5\u6e2c\u8a66\u6240\u6709\u7684\u6f0f\u6d1e\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u53ea\u6709\u4f60\u4f86\u6aa2\u9a57(scrutinize)\u8207\u4f7f\u7528\u9019\u500b\u5be6\u4f5c\uff0c\u82e5\u7d50\u679c\u662f\u4f60\u7684\u5be6\u4f5c\u4e2d\u6709\u932f\u8aa4\uff0c\u4f60\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u5c31\u906d\u6b83\u4e86\uff0c\u800c\u4f60\u5c31\u6703\u5f97\u5230\u4e0d\u597d\u7684\u8a55\u50f9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u7cfb\u7d71\u8207\u8b8a\u5f62\u5df2\u7d93\u88ab\u4f7f\u7528\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4f5c\u696d\u7cfb\u7d71\u50cf\u662fBSD\u3001Linux\u8a31\u591a\u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>Adaptive Key Derivation Functions (\u9069\u61c9\u6027\u91d1\u9470\u884d\u4f38\u51fd\u6578)<\/h2>\n<p>Adaptive Key Derivation Functions\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u5011\u525b\u525b\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u51fd\u6578\u5f9e\u5bc6\u78bc\u7522\u751fdigest\u4e26\u5be6\u4f5c\u4e86salting\u8207stretching\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u5df2\u7d93\u5be6\u4f5c\u4e0a\u9762\u6240\u6709\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5982\u679c\u5229\u7528\u7a0b\u5f0f\u8a9e\u8a00\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u51fd\u5f0f\u5eab\u96e3\u4ee5\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u3002\u8209\u4f8b\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u8b93digest\u7684\u904b\u7b97\u96e3\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u5e73\u884c\u904b\u7b97\u4f86\u8655\u7406\uff0c\u9019\u539f\u672c\u5728MD5\u8207SHA\u5bb6\u65cf\u4e2d\u975e\u5e38\u5bb9\u6613\u505a\u5230\u7684\u529f\u80fd(\u8b6f\u8a3b\uff1a\u907f\u514d\u904b\u7b97\u7684\u6642\u9593\u88ab\u7e2e\u77ed\uff0c\u9032\u800c\u589e\u52a0\u66b4\u529b\u653b\u64ca\u7684\u96e3\u5ea6)\u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\u653b\u64ca\u8005\u7121\u6cd5\u5229\u7528\u4e00\u4e9b\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u786c\u9ad4\u4f8b\u5982GPU\u3001FPGAs\u4f86\u986f\u8457\u63d0\u9ad8\u5229\u7528\u66b4\u529b\u6cd5\u731c\u6e2c\u5bc6\u78bc\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6280\u8853\u4e0a\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0ckey derivation functions\u662f\u7531\u4e00\u500b\u5f37\u5065\u7684\u91d1\u9470\u88ab\u4f7f\u7528\u5728\u9023\u7e8c\u7684\u52a0\u5bc6\u6240\u884d\u4f38\u4f86\u800c\u7684\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u65e2\u7136\u9019\u500b\u51fd\u5f0f\u4e5f\u662f\u55ae\u5411(one-way)\u6240\u4ee5\u4ed6\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u61c9\u7528\u5728\u8a08\u7b97\u5bc6\u78bc\u7684digest\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u4e9b\u5091\u51fa\u7684\u51fd\u5f0f\u50cf\u662f\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>PBKDF2<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">\u9019\u5927\u6982\u662f\u6700\u5ee3\u6cdb\u88ab\u4f7f\u7528\u7684Key derivation function\u3002PBKDF2 (Password-Based Key Derivation Function)\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u50cf\u662fSHA-1\u3001RIPEMD-160\u7b49\u96dc\u6e4a\u51fd\u6578\u7684\u5bb9\u5668\uff0c\u6bcf\u7d44\u8f38\u5165\u90fd\u9644\u52a0\u4e86salt\u8207\u6578\u6b21\u96dc\u6e4a\u51fd\u5f0f\u7684\u8fed\u4ee3\uff0c\u7528\u4e00\u7a2e\u4e0d\u640d\u5931\u71b5\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u7522\u751f\u6bcf\u7d44digest\u5927\u6982\u8981\u82b1\u4e00\u79d2\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u4ed6\u662f\u88ab<a href=\"http:\/\/csrc.nist.gov\/publications\/nistpubs\/800-132\/nist-sp800-132.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">NIST<\/a>\u8a8d\u53ef\uff0c\u88ab\u7528\u65bc\u7f8e\u570b\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u7cfb\u7d71\u4e2d\uff0c\u7528\u65bc\u7522\u751f\u4e00\u7d44\u76f8\u8f03\u65bc\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u5824\u4f9b\u7684\u5bc6\u78bc(\u8f03\u5f31)\u5f37\u5065\u7684\u52a0\u5bc6\u91d1\u9470\u3002PBKDF2\u7684\u512a\u9ede\u662f\u4ed6\u975e\u5e38\u7684\u8f15\u5de7\u3001\u5be6\u4f5c\u7c21\u55ae\u3001\u800c\u4e14\u4ed6\u53ea\u4f7f\u7528\u975e\u5e38\u5f37\u5065\u4e14\u7d93\u904e\u6aa2\u9a57\u7684\u96dc\u6e4a\u51fd\u6578\uff0c\u50cf\u662fNSA\u7684SHA\u3002<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>bcrypt<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">bcrypt\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u9069\u61c9\u6027(adaptive)\u7684\u96dc\u6e4a\u51fd\u6578\uff0c\u88ab\u7279\u5225\u70ba\u5bc6\u78bc\u7684\u5132\u5b58\u6240\u8a2d\u8a08\u3002\u4ed6\u662f\u7531Bruce Schneier\u7684Blowfish\u7684\u4fee\u6539\u7248\u672c\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u55ae\u7d14\u7684\u8fed\u4ee3\u96dc\u6e4a\u51fd\u5f0f\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u8a2d\u8a08\u8005Niels Provos\u8207David Mazi\u00e8res\u5f9e\u5b83\u5011\u767c\u8868\u7684\u8ad6\u6587\u4e2d\u8aaa\u660e\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5(<a href=\"http:\/\/static.usenix.org\/event\/usenix99\/provos\/provos.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">A Future-Adaptable Password Scheme<\/a>, at the 1999 USENIX)\u3002\u4ed6\u76ee\u524d\u4ecd\u662f\u6700\u5f37\u5065\u7684\u5bc6\u78bc\u96dc\u6e4a\u6a5f\u5236\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u53d7\u60e0\u65bc\u4ed6\u7684work factor\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u53c3\u6578\u53ef\u4ee5\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7522\u751f\u55ae\u4e00digest\u9700\u8981\u82b1\u8cbb\u591a\u5c11\u904b\u7b97\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u975e\u5e38\u5bb9\u6613\u4f7f\u7528\uff1a\u8f38\u51fa\u5305\u542b\u5bc6\u78bc\u7684salt\u8207work factor\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u7cfb\u7d71\u8a2d\u8a08\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e00\u76f4\u4f7f\u7528bcrypt\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u85c9\u7531\u63d0\u9ad8work factor\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u589e\u52a0\u904b\u7b97\u6240\u9700\u7684\u6642\u9593\uff0c\u4e0d\u7528\u64d4\u5fc3\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u7121\u6cd5\u767b\u5165\u7cfb\u7d71\u3002bcrypt\u662f\u5c0d\u65bc\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u8981\u6c42\u5f88\u9ad8\u7684OpenBSD\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u9810\u8a2d\u5bc6\u78bc\u9a57\u8b49\u6a5f\u5236\u3002\u800c\u4e00\u822c\u8a8d\u70babcrypt\u6bd4PBKDF2\u66f4\u5177\u524d\u77bb\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>scrypt<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">scrypt\u548cPBKDF2\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u7a2eKey derivation function\uff0c\u7531<a href=\"http:\/\/www.tarsnap.com\/scrypt\/scrypt.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Colin Percival<\/a>\u8a2d\u8a08\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u660e\u986f\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4\u6240\u4ee5\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0a\u4f86\u8aaa\u6bd4PBKDF2\u5f37\u5065\u3002\u4f7f\u7528\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4\u4e5f\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u9019\u500b\u51fd\u5f0f\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u5e73\u884c\u8655\u7406\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8981\u7528\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u731c\u6e2c\u51fa\u539f\u672c\u91d1\u9470\u7684\u8f38\u5165\u5c31\u8b8a\u5f97\u66f4\u70ba\u56f0\u96e3\u3002\u95dc\u65bc\u9019\u500b\u6f14\u7b97\u6cd5\u7684\u6e2c\u8a66\u660e\u986f\u6bd4PBKDF2 (\u800c\u4e14\u50cf\u662fSHA)\u6216 bcrypt\u5c11\u3002\u4f46\u4ed6\u4ecd\u770b\u8d77\u4f86\u5f88\u53ef\u9760\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u80fd\u61c9\u4ed8\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u6aa2\u9a57\uff0c\u90a3\u4ed6\u5247\u6bd4bcrypt\u66f4\u6709\u524d\u77bb\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u5011\u8981\u600e\u9ebc\u9078\u64c7\u5462\uff1f\u6211\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u662f\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>MD5, SHA-1, SHA-256, SHA-512, \u4e4b\u985e\u7684\u51fd\u5f0f\u4e0d\u662f\u6211\u5011\u6240\u8b02&#8221;\u5bc6\u78bc\u96dc\u6e4a\u51fd\u5f0f&#8221;\u3002\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u7528\u9014\u662f\u8a0a\u606f\u7684\u8a8d\u8b49(authentication) \u8207\u6574\u9ad4\u6027\u6aa2\u67e5(integrity checking\uff0c\u8b6f\u8a3b\uff1a\u907f\u514d\u5167\u6587\u88ab\u7ac4\u6539)\u3002\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5bc6\u78bc\u9a57\u8b49\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u662f\u5e6b\u653f\u5e9c\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u60f3\u8981\u7b26\u5408\u5b89\u5168\u8a8d\u8b49(security certifications)\u6216\u8005\u50cf\u662fISO27001\u3001FIPS 140-2\u4e4b\u985e\u7684\u6cd5\u898f(regulations)\u6216\u8005\u4e0d\u60f3\u8981\u4f9d\u8cf4\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u8edf\u9ad4\u6216\u662f\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6aa2\u9a57\u7684\u51fd\u5f0f\u5eab\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u7528PBKDF2-SHA-256\u6216SHA-512\u4e26\u7528\u5f88\u591a\u6b21\u7684\u8fed\u4ee3\u4f86\u7522\u751f\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u5bc6\u78bc\u7684digest(\u7406\u60f3\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u7522\u751f\u55ae\u4e00digest\u61c9\u8a72\u8981\u8d85\u904e\u4e00\u79d2)\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u8981\u975e\u5e38\u5f37\u5065\u53c8\u5bb9\u6613\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5bc6\u78bc\u7cfb\u7d71\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u7528bcrypt\u3002\u7c21\u55ae\u3001\u5bb9\u6613\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u51fd\u5f0f\u5eab\u5e7e\u4e4e\u5728\u6240\u6709\u8a9e\u8a00\u90fd\u6709(\u53ea\u8981\u53bbgoogle\u641c\u5c0b&#8221;bcrypt &lt;\u8a9e\u8a00\u540d\u7a31&gt;&#8221;\uff0c\u4f60\u5c31\u6709\u6a5f\u6703\u53ef\u4ee5\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u500b\u826f\u597d\u7684\u5be6\u4f5c\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u8a2d\u8a08\u4e00\u500b\u7cfb\u7d71\u65e2\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f9d\u9760\u5229\u7528\u4e00\u500b\u5f31\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u5bc6\u78bc\u4f86\u53d6\u5f97\u654f\u611f\u7684\u52a0\u5bc6\u8cc7\u6599\u6216\u662f\u653b\u64ca\u8005\u7121\u6cd5\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u6642\u9593\u5167\u731c\u4e2d\u5bc6\u78bc\uff0c\u90a3\u53ef\u4ee5\u53c3\u8003scrypt\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u7684\u9032\u884c\u6f14\u7b97\u6cd5\u7684\u66ff\u63db\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u70ba\u65b0\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u7522\u751fbcrypt\u7684digest\uff0c\u539f\u672c\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u7b49\u4ed6\u5011\u767b\u5165\u6642\u518d\u9077\u79fb\u5230\u65b0\u7684\u5bc6\u78bc\u7cfb\u7d71\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u5176\u5be6\u6211\u7684\u5c0d\u65bc\u7cfb\u7d71\u5132\u5b58\u5bc6\u78bc\u9019\u4ef6\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u539f\u672c\u662f\u4ee5\u70ba\u7528MD5\u3001SHA\u4e4b\u985e\u7684\u55ae\u5411\u96dc\u6e4a\u51fd\u5f0f\u4f86\u5132\u5b58\u5c31\u300c\u5920\u5b89\u5168\u4e86\u300d\u3002\u524d\u5e7e\u5929\u770b\u5230\u4e86Storing Passwords Securely\u9019\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u624d\u5fb9\u5e95\u7684\u628a\u6211\u5f9e\u8ff7\u601d\u4e2d\u62c9\u51fa\u4f86\uff0c\u6587\u7ae0\u9084\u883b\u6dfa\u986f\u6613\u61c2\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5c31\u8a66\u8457\u7ffb\u8b6f\u4e00\u4e0b\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u4f86\u662f\u514d\u8cac\u8072\u660e\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u6211\u7565\u61c2\u4e00\u4e9b\u8cc7\u8a0a\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u76ae\u6bdb\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4e0d\u662f\u8cc7\u8a0a\u5b89\u5168\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5c08\u5bb6\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u6211\u7684\u82f1\u6587\u80fd\u529b\u4e0d\u4f73\u6240\u4ee5\u7ffb\u8b6f\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u932f\u8aa4\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4e0d\u7cbe\u78ba\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u5e0c\u671b\u80fd\u6d77\u6db5\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u50c5\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u9593\u7684\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u524d\u9762\u8207\u6700\u5f8c\u9762Additional Measures\u3001Extra\u6211\u6c92\u6709\u7ffb\u8b6f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6709\u8208\u8da3\u53ef\u4ee5\u53bb\u770b\u770b\u539f\u6587\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[15],"tags":[61,94,108],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/gwokae.mewggle.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1084"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/gwokae.mewggle.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/gwokae.mewggle.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gwokae.mewggle.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gwokae.mewggle.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1084"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/gwokae.mewggle.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1084\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/gwokae.mewggle.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1084"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gwokae.mewggle.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1084"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gwokae.mewggle.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1084"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}